How Flexible Thinking Improves Learning ?
Flexible thinking, or cognitive flexibility, is defined as the ability to adapt one's thoughts and reactions in response to new information or unexpected situations. It can be further described as developing a mindset of anticipation, which involves shifting perspectives, finding alternative solutions, and quickly reassessing initial assumptions.
The earliest studies on flexible thinking can be traced back to Jean Piaget, renowned for his work on cognitive development in children. Piaget observed that as children grow, they transition from rigid thinking to more abstract and flexible thought processes. This shift is a key aspect of cognitive flexibility.
Later, researchers like Ellen Langer expanded this concept to include "mindfulness," an active state of awareness that promotes greater mental flexibility. Today, one of the most recognized psychologists in this field is Adam Grant, a professor at the Wharton School and an expert in organizational psychology. Grant has emphasized the importance of cognitive flexibility in learning, innovation, and solving complex problems.
Flexible thinking allows individuals to break free from preconceived patterns and consider new solutions—essential in an environment where information is abundant and often contradictory. It is crucial not only for academic success but also for psychological well-being, as it helps manage uncertainty, a growing challenge for young people, especially with the influence of social media and the evolving demands of the job market.
Young people who develop this skill are less likely to be hindered by obstacles or locked into rigid ways of thinking. For example, a student struggling with math can reassess their learning strategies rather than concluding they are simply not good at the subject. This cognitive agility fosters resilience in the face of failure and promotes continuous growth.
However, despite its many advantages, cognitive flexibility is not always easy to teach or integrate into young people's daily lives. Some challenges, such as academic pressure, can drive students toward rigid, performance-focused thinking centered on memorization. Additionally, family or social environments that prioritize conformity over independent thinking can also limit the development of this skill.
A Concrete Example in the United States
In the American educational system, some experimental programs, like Stanford's "Design Thinking" project, aim to cultivate cognitive flexibility in students. These initiatives introduce pedagogical methods that emphasize iteration, problem-solving, and critical thinking. They demonstrate that education can evolve to include teaching that fosters mental flexibility and adaptability.
In two upcoming articles, I will propose concrete applications to encourage and promote the development of this essential skill.
References :
• Grant, A. (2021). Think Again: The Power of Knowing What You Don't Know. Viking.
• Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168.
• Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012). Cognitive flexibility: Developmental approaches. In R. Sternberg & S. B. Kaufman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity (pp. 119-139). Cambridge University Press.
• Giedd, J. N. (2004). Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 77-85.
• Piaget, J. (1936). The Origin of Intelligence in Children. Delachaux et Niestlé.
